WHY IS IT DONE?
为什么要这样做？

It had cleared up and was starlight. Except in a few places the mud was frozen hard when Nekhludoff returned to his inn and knocked at one of its dark windows. —
当涅赫吕多夫回到客栈的时候，天已经放晴，星光闪耀。除了零星几处，泥泞地已经结冰。 —

The broad-shouldered labourer came barefooted to open the door for him and let him in. —
一个宽肩的劳动者赤脚走过来给他开门，让他进去。 —

Through a door on the right, leading to the back premises, came the loud snoring of the carters, who slept there, and the sound of many horses chewing oats came from the yard. —
通过右边通往后院的门，传来了在那里睡觉的carters的沉重鼾声，还有许多马在啃燕麦的声音。 —

The front room, where a red lamp was burning in front of the icons, smelt of wormwood and perspiration, and some one with mighty lungs was snoring behind a partition. —
前房里面，一盏红灯笼在圣像前照亮，屋子里散发着艾蒿和汗臭的味道，一个肺活量极大的人在一个隔断后面打呼噜。 —

Nekhludoff undressed, put his leather travelling pillow on the oilcloth sofa, spread out his rug and lay down, thinking over all he had seen and heard that day; —
涅赫吕多夫脱下衣服，把皮质旅行枕头放在油布沙发上，铺开他的毯子躺了下来，想着今天所看到和听到的一切； —

the boy sleeping on the liquid that oozed from the stinking tub, with his head on the convict’s leg, seemed more dreadful than all else.
睡在从发臭桶里渗出的液体上的那个男孩，把头靠在囚犯的腿上，这个画面比其他一切更加可怕。

Unexpected and important as his conversation with Simonson and Katusha that evening had been, he did not dwell on it; —
和西蒙森以及卡童晚上的交谈虽然出乎意料又重要，但他没有深究； —

his situation in relation to that subject was so complicated and indefinite that he drove the thought from his mind. —
他与那个话题的关系是如此的复杂和不明确，以至于他把这个念头驱散了。 —

But the picture of those unfortunate beings, inhaling the noisome air, and lying in the liquid oozing out of the stinking tub, especially that of the boy, with his innocent face asleep on the leg of a criminal, came all the more vividly to his mind, and he could not get it out of his head.
但是那些不幸的人，吸入令人作呕的空气，躺在从发臭桶里渗出的液体上，尤其是那个男孩，用他天真的脸躺在一个罪犯的腿上的画面，反而更加清晰地浮现在他的脑海中，他无法忘怀。

To know that somewhere far away there are men who torture other men by inflicting all sorts of humiliations and inhuman degradation and sufferings on them, or for three months incessantly to look on while men were inflicting these humiliations and sufferings on other men is a very different thing. —
知道远方有人在折磨其他人，加诸各种屈辱和非人的侮辱和痛苦，或者三个月来一直看着别人对其他人做这些屈辱和痛苦的事，是一回事。 —

And Nekhludoff felt it. More than once during these three months he asked himself, “Am I mad because I see what others do not, or are they mad that do these things that I see?”
涅赫吕多夫感受到了。在这三个月中，他多次问自己，“我是疯了吗，因为我看到了别人看不到的东西，还是他们疯了，才会做我看到的这些事？”

Yet they (and there were many of them) did what seemed so astonishing and terrible to him with such quiet assurance that what they were doing was necessary and was important and useful work that it was hard to believe they were mad; —
然而，他们（这种人很多）以如此安静的信心来做他看到的那些令人惊讶和可怕的事情，认为他们正在做的工作是必要且重要和有用的工作，如此之深信，以至于让人难以相信他们是疯了； —

nor could he, conscious of the clearness of his thoughts, believe he was mad; —
同时，他意识到自己思维的清晰，也无法相信自己是疯了； —

and all this kept him continually in a state of perplexity.
所有这一切让他一直陷入困惑状态。

This is how the things he saw during these three months impressed Nekhludoff: —
在这三个月里他看到的事情给涅赫勒杜夫留下了深刻的印象： —

From among the people who were free, those were chosen, by means of trials and the administration, who were the most nervous, the most hot tempered, the most excitable, the most gifted, and the strongest, but the least careful and cunning. —
在那些自由人中，通过审讯和管理，选出了那些最紧张、最暴躁、最易激动、最有天赋、最强壮但最不谨慎和狡猾的人。 —

These people, not a wit more dangerous than many of those who remained free, were first locked in prisons, transported to Siberia, where they were provided for and kept months and years in perfect idleness, and away from nature, their families, and useful work–that is, away from the conditions necessary for a natural and moral life. —
这些人并不比许多留在自由的人更危险，首先被关进监狱，被送往西伯利亚，在那里他们被照顾，并被长时间放在完全无所事事的状态，远离自然、家人和有益的工作-也就是远离自然而然和道德生活所必需的条件。 —

This firstly. Secondly, these people were subjected to all sorts of unnecessary indignity in these different Places–chains, shaved heads, shameful clothing–that is, they were deprived of the chief motives that induce the weak to live good lives, the regard for public opinion, the sense of shame and the consciousness of human dignity. —
首先是这点。其次，这些人在这些不同的地方被施加各种不必要的侮辱-铁链、剃光头、可耻的服装-也就是剥夺了使软弱者过上美好生活的主要动机，即对公众舆论的尊重、羞耻感和人的尊严意识。 —

Thirdly, they were continually exposed to dangers, such as the epidemics so frequent in places of confinement, exhaustion, flogging, not to mention accidents, such as sunstrokes, drowning or conflagrations, when the instinct of self-preservation makes even the kindest, most moral men commit cruel actions, and excuse such actions when committed by others.
第三，他们不断面临各种危险，如监禁场所频繁发生的流行病、疲劳、鞭打，更不用说事故，如中暑、溺水或火灾，当自救本能使最善良、最道德的人也犯下残忍的行为，并为他人犯下的这种行为找借口。

Fourthly, these people were forced to associate with others who were particularly depraved by life, and especially by these very institutions–rakes, murderers and villains–who act on those who are not yet corrupted by the measures inflicted on them as leaven acts on dough.
第四，这些人被迫与那些被生活特别腐蚀，并且特别被这些机构腐蚀的人们为伍-浪荡者、凶手和恶棍-他们对尚未被施加措施腐蚀的人起着面团中酵母的作用。

And, fifthly, the fact that all sorts of violence, cruelty, inhumanity, are not only tolerated, but even permitted by the government, when it suits its purposes, was impressed on them most forcibly by the inhuman treatment they were subjected to; —
第五，各种暴力、残忍、非人道行为不仅被容忍，而且政府在适当的时候还允许这类行为，这对他们施加的非人道待遇给他们留下了深刻的印象； —

by the sufferings inflicted on children, women and old men; by floggings with rods and whips; —
通过施加在儿童、妇女和老人身上的苦难；通过用棍棒和鞭子抽打； —

by rewards offered for bringing a fugitive back, dead or alive; —
通过拒不愿将逃犯活活带回来的人提供的奖励； —

by the separation of husbands and wives, and the uniting them with the wives and husbands of others for sexual intercourse; —
通过分开夫妻，将他们与其他人的妻子和丈夫结合在一起进行性交； —

by shooting or hanging them. To those who were deprived of their freedom, who were in want and misery, acts of violence were evidently still more permissible. —
通过射杀或绞死他们。对于被剥夺自由、贫困和困苦的人来说，暴力行为显然更加容许。 —

All these institutions seemed purposely invented for the production of depravity and vice, condensed to such a degree that no other conditions could produce it, and for the spreading of this condensed depravity and vice broadcast among the whole population.
所有这些机构似乎故意被设计出来，以产生到达无法通过其他条件产生的程度的腐败和恶行，并将这种浓缩的腐败和邪恶广泛传播给整个人口。

“Just as if a problem had been set to find the best, the surest means of depraving the greatest number of persons,” thought Nekhludoff, while investigating the deeds that were being done in the prisons and halting stations. —
“仿佛设定了一个问题，找出腐化最多人的最佳、最可靠的方法，”涅赫勒杜夫思考着，同时调查在监狱和遏制站所发生的行为。 —

Every year hundreds of thousands were brought to the highest pitch of depravity, and when completely depraved they were set free to carry the depravity they had caught in prison among the people. —
每年有数十万人被带到极度堕落的境地，一旦完全堕落，他们就被释放出来，在监狱中捕捉的邪恶在人群中传播。 —

In the prisons of Tamen, Ekaterinburg, Tomsk and at the halting stations Nekhludoff saw how successfully the object society seemed to have set itself was attained.
在塔门、叶卡捷琳堡、托木斯克的监狱以及中途站，涅赫卢多夫看到了社会看似成功达到的目标。

Ordinary, simple men with a conception of the demands of the social and Christian Russian peasant morality lost this conception, and found a new one, founded chiefly on the idea that any outrage or violence was justifiable if it seemed profitable. —
普通的、朴实的人拥有对社会和基督教俄罗斯农民道德的理解，但在监狱里，他们失去了这种认识，发展出一种新的理解，主要建立在任何冒犯或暴力行为只要看起来有利可图即应当被认可的理念。 —

After living in a prison those people became conscious with the whole of their being that, judging by what was happening to themselves, all the moral laws, the respect and the sympathy for others which church and the moral teachers preach, was really set aside, and that, therefore, they, too, need not keep the laws. —
在监狱里生活一段时间后，这些人全身心地意识到，根据自身经历，教会和道德教师所宣扬的所有道德法则、尊重和对他人的同情实际上都被抛弃了，因此，他们也就没有必要遵守法律。 —

Nekhludoff noticed the effects of prison life on all the convicts he knew–on Fedoroff, on Makar, and even on Taras, who, after two months among the convicts, struck Nekhludoff by the want of morality in his arguments. —
涅赫卢多夫注意到监狱生活对他所认识的所有罪犯的影响—费奥多罗夫、马卡尔，甚至是塔拉斯，他们在与罪犯相处两个月后，以其论点中的缺乏道德感冲击了涅赫卢多夫。 —

Nekhludoff found out during his journey how tramps, escaping into the marshes, persuade a comrade to escape with them, and then kill him and feed on his flesh. —
在旅途中，涅赫卢多夫发现流浪汉们逃进沼泽地，说服一名同伴一起逃跑，然后杀害他并吃他的肉。 —

(He saw a living man who was accused of this and acknowledged the fact. —
（他见到一名被控杀人并承认这一事实的活人。 —

) And the most terrible part was that this was not a solitary, but a recurring case.
) 最可怕的是，这不是个别事件，而是经常发生的事。

Only by a special cultivation of vice, such as was perpetrated in these establishments, could a Russian be brought to the state of this tramp, who excelled Nietzsche’s newest teaching, and held that everything was possible and nothing forbidden, and who spread this teaching first among the convicts and then among the people in general.
只有通过这些机构所犯的特别恶行，才能将一个俄罗斯人带到这个流浪汉的状态，他胜过了尼采的最新教义，认为一切皆有可能，没有任何被禁止的事，他先是在罪犯中传播这种教义，然后在普通百姓中传开。

The only explanation of all that was being done was the wish to put a stop to crime by fear, by correction, by lawful vengeance as it was written in the books. —
所有这一切都是为了通过恐惧、改正和合法的复仇来制止犯罪，如同书中所写。 —

But in reality nothing in the least resembling any of these results came to pass. —
但实际上并没有出现任何一个类似的结果。 —

Instead of vice being put a stop to, it only spread further; —
罪恶没有得到制止，反而进一步蔓延； —

instead of being frightened, the criminals were encouraged (many a tramp returned to prison of his own free will). —
罪犯没有受到惊吓，反而被鼓励（许多流浪汉自愿回到监狱）。 —

Instead of being corrected, every kind of vice was systematically instilled, while the desire for vengeance did not weaken by the measures of the government, but was bred in the people who had none of it.
与其说是被改正，不如说各种恶习被有系统地灌输，而复仇的欲望并没有因政府的措施而减弱，反而在缺少这种欲望的民众中滋生。

“Then why is it done?” Nekhludoff asked himself, but could find no answer. —
“那么为什么要这样做？”涅赫卢多夫问自己，但却找不到答案。 —

And what seemed most surprising was that all this was not being done accidentally, not by mistake, not once, but that it had continued for centuries, with this difference only, that at first the people’s nostrils used to be torn and their ears cut off; —
最令人惊讶的是，这一切并不是偶然发生的，不是错误造成的，也不只发生过一次，而是延续了几个世纪，唯一的区别只是最初人们的鼻孔曾被撕裂，耳朵被割掉； —

then they were branded, and now they were manacled and transported by steam instead of on the old carts. —
然后他们被烙印，现在他们则被铁链锁住，通过蒸汽运输，而不是像过去那样用马车； —

The arguments brought forward by those in government service, who said that the things which aroused his indignation were simply due to the imperfect arrangements of the places of confinement, and that they could all be put to rights if prisons of a modern type were built, did not satisfy Nekhludoff, because he knew that what revolted him was not the consequence of a better or worse arrangement of the prisons. —
那些政府官员提出的论点并不能让涅赫留多夫满意，他们说他引起愤怒的事情只是因为监狱设施不完善，只要建造现代化的监狱，一切就能改善，但涅赫留多夫知道，触动他的事物不是由于监狱的安排是好还是坏； —

He had read of model prisons with electric bells, of executions by electricity, recommended by Tard; —
他曾读到有关安装电铃的模范监狱，以及塔尔德推荐的电刑方式； —

but this refined kind of violence revolted him even more.
但这种精致的暴力更让他反感；

But what revolted Nekhludoff most was that there were men in the law courts and in the ministry who received large salaries, taken from the people, for referring to books written by men like themselves and with like motives, and sorting actions that violated laws made by themselves according to different statutes; —
涅赫留多夫最反感的是，法庭和部门里有领取高薪（从百姓那里得来）的人，他们只是参考和其他人写的、出于相同动机的书籍，根据不同的法令对违反自己制定的法律的行为进行分类； —

and, in obedience to these statutes, sending those guilty of such actions to places where they were completely at the mercy of cruel, hardened inspectors, jailers, convoy soldiers, where millions of them perished body and soul.
依据这些法令，他们将犯有此等行为的人送到完全受到残酷暴戾的监狱管理员、狱卒和护送士兵的摆布之下，数以百万计的人在那里生死操控；

Now that he had a closer knowledge of prisons, Nekhludoff found out that all those vices which developed among the prisoners–drunkenness, gambling, cruelty, and all these terrible crimes, even cannibalism–were not casual, or due to degeneration or to the existence of monstrosities of the criminal type, as science, going hand in hand with the government, explained it, but an unavoidable consequence of the incomprehensible delusion that men may punish one another. —
涅赫留多夫发现监狱里所发展的那些罪恶（酗酒、赌博、残酷、以及所有那些可怕的罪行，甚至食人）并非偶然产生，也不是由于退化或存在类似罪犯类型的畸变，正如科学与政府合作所解释的那样，而是对人们相互惩罚的不可避免后果； —

Nekhludoff saw that cannibalism did not commence in the marshes, but in the ministry. —
涅赫留多夫看到食人并不是在沼泽地开始的，而是在部门开始的； —

He saw that his brother-in-law, for example, and, in fact, all the lawyers and officials, from the usher to the minister, do not care in the least for justice or the good of the people about whom they spoke, but only for the roubles they were paid for doing the things that were the source whence all this degradation and suffering flowed. —
比如他的姐夫，实际上所有的律师和官员，从传达员到部长，完全不关心所说的正义或人民利益，只在乎他们为所做之事所得的卢布，而这些正是所有这些堕落和痛苦的根源； —

This was quite evident.
这很显然；

“Can it be, then, that all this is done simply through misapprehension? —
难道所有这一切只是误解产生的吗？ —

Could it not be managed that all these officials should have their salaries secured to them, and a premium paid them, besides, so that they should leave off, doing all that they were doing now?” —
不可能设法保障所有这些官员的薪水，并额外支付一笔奖金给他们，这样他们会放弃现在正在做的一切吗？ —

Nekhludoff thought, and in spite of the fleas, that seemed to spring up round him like water from a fountain whenever he moved, he fell fast asleep.
涅赫留多夫想到，尽管周围似乎会蚂蚁般跳起跳跃，但他迅速入睡了。