wǔ dài shǐ líng guān zhuàn xù
五 代 史 伶 官 传 序
Preface to the Biographies of the Five Dynasties’ Actors

sòng ōu yáng xiū
(宋) 欧 阳 修
(Song) Ouyang Xiu

wū hū shèng shuāi zhī lǐ suī yuē tiān mìng qǐ fēi rén shì zāi
呜 呼 ! 盛 衰 之 理 , 虽 曰 天 命 , 岂 非 人 事 哉 !
Alas! The principle of rise and fall, although it is said to be the mandate of heaven, is it not also a matter of human affairs?

yuán zhuāng zōng zhī suǒ yǐ dé tiān xià
原 庄 宗 之 所 以 得 天 下 ,
The reason why the former Emperor of the Tang Dynasty was able to gain the world,

yǔ qí suǒ yǐ shī zhī zhě kě yǐ zhī zhī yǐ
与 其 所 以 失 之 者 , 可 以 知 之 矣 。
and the reason why he lost it, can be known.

shì yán jìn wáng zhī jiāng zhōng yě
世 言 晋 王 之 将 终 也 ,
The world says that when the King of Jin was about to die,

yǐ sān shǐ cì zhuāng zōng ér gào zhī yuē
以 三 矢 赐 庄 宗 而 告 之 曰 :
he gave three arrows to the Emperor of Tang and told him:

liáng wú chóu yě yān wáng wú suǒ lì
“ 梁 , 吾 仇 也 ; 燕 王 , 吾 所 立 ;
“Liang is my enemy; the King of Yan is whom I established;

qì dān yǔ wú yuē wéi xiōng dì
契 丹 与 吾 约 为 兄 弟 ;
the Khitans and I had a brotherly agreement;

ér jiē bèi jìn yǐ guī liáng
而 皆 背 晋 以 归 梁 。
yet they all betrayed Jin and turned to Liang.

cǐ sān zhě wú yí hèn yě yǔ ěr sān shǐ ěr qí wú wàng nǎi fù zhī zhì
此 三 者 , 吾 遗 恨 也 。 与 尔 三 矢 , 尔 其 无 忘 乃 父 之 志 !”
These three are my regrets. I give you these three arrows, remember your father’s will!”

zhuāng zōng shòu ér cáng zhī yú miào
庄 宗 受 而 藏 之 于 庙 。
The Emperor of Tang accepted and stored them in the temple.

qí hòu yòng bīng zé qiǎn cóng shì yǐ yī shào láo gào miào qǐng qí shǐ
其 后 用 兵 , 则 遣 从 事 以 一 少 牢 告 庙 , 请 其 矢 ,
Later, when he used troops, he would send an attendant to offer a small sacrifice to the temple, asking for the arrows,

chéng yǐ jǐn náng fù ér qián qū jí kǎi xuán ér nà zhī
盛 以 锦 囊 , 负 而 前 驱 , 及 凯 旋 而 纳 之 。
wrapped in a brocade bag, carried on the back and led forward, and then returned after the triumph.

fāng qí xì yān fù zǐ yǐ zǔ hán liáng jūn chén zhī shǒu
方 其 系 燕 父 子 以 组 , 函 梁 君 臣 之 首 ,
When he captured the father and son of Yan with ropes, and presented the heads of the Liang officials and ministers in a case,

rù yú tài miào huán shǐ xiān wáng ér gào yǐ chéng gōng
入 于 太 庙 , 还 矢 先 王 , 而 告 以 成 功 ,
he entered the great temple, returned the arrows to the former king, and announced his success.

qí yì qì zhī shèng kě wèi zhuàng zāi
其 意 气 之 盛 , 可 谓 壮 哉 !
His high spirits at that time can be called magnificent!

jí chóu chóu yǐ miè tiān xià yǐ dìng
及 仇 雠 已 灭 , 天 下 已 定 ,
But when his enemies were exterminated and the world was settled,

yī fū yè hū luàn zhě sì yìng cāng huáng dōng chū
一 夫 夜 呼 , 乱 者 四 应 ,仓 皇 东 出 ,
a single man shouted at night, and the chaos responders gathered from all sides, hastily fleeing eastward,

wèi jí jiàn zéi ér shì zú lí sàn jūn chén xiāng gù bù zhī suǒ guī
未 及 见 贼 而 士 卒 离 散 , 君 臣 相 顾 , 不 知 所 归 。
before even seeing the enemy, the soldiers scattered, the king and his ministers looked at each other, not knowing where to go.

zhì yú shì tiān duàn fà qì xià zhān jīn hé qí shuāi yě
至 于 誓 天 断 发 , 泣 下 沾 襟 , 何 其 衰 也 !
To the extent of swearing to heaven, cutting off their hair, and tears soaking their clothes, how weak he had become!

qǐ dé zhī nán ér shī zhī yì yú
岂 得 之 难 而 失 之 易 欤 ?
Is it that gaining power is difficult, but losing it is easy?

yì běn qí chéng bài zhī jì ér jiē zì yú rén yú
抑 本 其 成 败 之 迹 , 而 皆 自 于 人 欤 ?
Inhibiting the traces of its success or failure, do they all originate from people themselves?

shū yuē mǎn zhāo sǔn qiān dé yì
《 书 》 曰 :“ 满 招 损 , 谦 得 益 。”
The Book says, “Pride brings harm, while modesty gains benefits.”

yōu láo kě yǐ xīng guó yì yù kě yǐ wáng shēn zì rán zhī lǐ yě
忧 劳 可 以 兴 国 , 逸 豫 可 以 亡 身 , 自 然 之 理 也 。
Worry and toil can prosper a nation; leisure and indulgence can lead to one’s demise. This is the natural order.

gù fāng qí shèng yě jǔ tiān xià zhī háo jié mò néng yǔ zhī zhēng
故 方 其 盛 也 , 举 天 下 之 豪 杰 , 莫 能 与 之 争 ;
Therefore, when at its peak, no heroes in the world can compete with it.

jí qí shuāi yě , shù shí líng rén kùn zhī , ér shēn sǐ guó miè , wèi tiān xià xiào
及 其 衰 也 , 数 十 伶 人 困 之 , 而 身 死 国 灭 , 为 天 下 笑 。
When it declines, dozens of performers can besiege it, and the person dies, the nation perishes, becoming a laughingstock for the world.

fú huò huàn cháng jī yú hū wēi , ér zhì yǒng duō kùn yú suǒ nì , qǐ dú líng rén yě zāi
夫 祸 患 常 积 于 忽 微 , 而 智 勇 多 困 于 所 溺 , 岂 独 伶 人 也 哉 ?
Misfortune often accumulates from trivial matters, and wisdom and courage are often trapped by their obsessions. Is it only the case for performers?